Existentialism, The Lottery, And Good Country People

As I sat in the desk of my afternoon class, â€Å"Intro to Philosophy 1101,† I longed to be outside with my fellow colleagues enjoying the winter air as it turned to spring. Instead of sitting on the grassy lawn, I sat confined behind the jail-resembling cinder block walls of the classroom. My professor’s lesson contradicts the atmosphere of the classroom as she mumbles about, â€Å"Existentialism† and how it is â€Å"a philosophy emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice that influenced many diverse writers in the 19th and 20th centuries.† (Funk Wagnalls 1.) At the time, I did not notice a significance to the lesson, but while reading pieces of literature in English, I understand the purpose of existentialism and how apparent it is in written works. Writings such as â€Å"Raj Bohemian,† â€Å"The Lottery,† and â€Å"Good Country People† all show evidence of an attitude of choice. The term itself suggests one major theme: the stress on the concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. (Funk Wagnalls 1.) The use of existentialism shapes the characters’ such as the Narrator in â€Å"Raj Bohemian,† Mr. Summers in â€Å"The Lottery,† and Manly Pointer in â€Å"Good Country People;† and explains the motives behind their heroic behavior because they each remain true to who they are. The narrator of Hari Kunzuru’s short story, â€Å"Raj Bohemian† faces an existential crisis when he is introduced to a scheming manipulator. The story revolves around an urbanShow MoreRelatedPhilosophical And Sociocultural Influences On Educational Theory And Practice954 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused on ethics, rhetoric, natural science, and psychology. Furthermore, he aimed for education to produce good and virtuous citizens. Unlike Socrates emphasis on questioning, Aristotle felt students should be lead systematically and repetition should be used to acquire knowledge. During the Renaissance, Michel de Montaigne challenged the educational system and that some caste systems held people who were smarter and wiser than others. As time continued, John Lock e began shifting the view and roleRead MoreThe Philosophical And Sociocultural Influences On Educational Theory And Practice958 Words   |  4 Pagesquestioning, Aristotle felt students should be lead systematically and repetition should be used to acquire knowledge. Aristotle’s realism period focused on ethics, rhetoric, natural science, and psychology. Furthermore, he aimed for education to produce good and virtuous citizens. During the Renaissance, Michel de Montaigne challenged the educational system and felt that some caste systems contained who were smarter and wiser than others. As time continued, John Locke began shifting the view and roleRead MoreAn Existentialist Meaning of Life Essay2565 Words   |  11 Pagesin modern existentialism provide the necessary framework for establishing a so-called â€Å"meaning of life†. Marcel, Sartre, Heidegger and Camus, refer to the theoretical frameworks of subjectivity, freedom, responsibility and purpose, in modern e xistentialism. With reference to the theoretical frameworks, established by these reputable thinkers, one could propose an answer to the age old question, â€Å"What is the meaning of life?†. That being, the meaning of life is â€Å"to live a good a good life†.

Analysis Of Michael Francis Moore s The Columbine High...

Born in 1954, Michael Francis Moore is an American documentary filmmaker. His opening documentary, Roger Me, â€Å"launched his career as one of America’s best-known and most controversial documentarians† (In IMDB). However, his documentary that studies the events of the Columbine high school massacre is what put him on the map. Bowling for Columbine won the Academy Award for Documentary feature in 2002. His notable films also include Fahrenheit 9/11, the highest-grossing documentary of all time that presents a contentious view on the presidency of George W. Bush. His latest documentary, Where to Invade Next, premiered in the US on October 2, 2015. Apparent in all his films, Moore is unafraid to make use of entertainment to discuss political, economic, industrial, cultural, and social concerns that informs, provokes, and sometimes, manipulates its audience. Moore utilizes the documentary form of filmmaking that adapts to the shifts in popular culture where entertainment value is crucial. Though his chosen subject matter are commonly treated in a scholarly and profound manner, he remains critical by treating these topics in a comedic and sardonic manner. Apart from being a filmmaker, Moore is also a television screenwriter through his political comedy show TV Nation, an author of eight books, journalist, actor, and a political activist. Perhaps Fahrenheit 9/11 is considered Moore’s most intriguing documentary. Premiered in the 2004 Cannes Film Festival, Fahrenheit 9/11 is

In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche discusses his views on Christianity, other philosophers, and authors of his time Essay Example For Students

In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche discusses his views on Christianity, other philosophers, and authors of his time Essay In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche discusses his views on Christianity, other philosophers, and authors of his time. Nietzsches main focus, however, is on Christianity and how its actions and views are means to an end. He uses eloquent diction that sometimes loses the reader he makes up for his articulate word usage with elementary sentences which describe his views very efficiently along with syntax which is very informal for the time to describe his views on subjects quite exquisitely. His logic is the logic which is always right; he never contradicts himself or makes a statement without support. Nietzsches use of rhetorical strategies helps him to make his points and support them in a style which help him attain his underlying goal: to make the reader think. Nietzsche uses an elevated level of diction to help him achieve his purpose, he uses Latin in many passages to make the reader look to the bottom of the page and thus think about what he is proposing. His combination of elevated diction along with deductive reasoning can sometimes lose the reader, but just as fast as the reader is lost Nietzsche offers forth a formula which helps the reader follow his thinking. Nietzsche believes that a persons virtue is the consequence of happiness, or that a persons emotions are the product of their beliefs. Nietzsches uses consequence to mean something more like cause than effect. He interchanges monosyllabic and polysyllabic in the form of metaphors words in connotation to sometimes differ the reader from the beaten track of thinking. He believes in a set course that he became ill, that he failed to resist the illness, for humans and that they cannot deter from it this is very far left in a time of conservative Europeans, late 19th century. Even in his formulas Nietzsches meaning is not as straight forward as it seems. It seems that he believes that individuals genetically are means to an end, but this is more of a metaphor for humanity, or that humanity is their own means to an end. Nietzsche use interesting syntax to evoke thought from his reader. His dependent clauses in this excerpt, but not in others relate back to the main clauses causing the reader to re-read the sentence or begin to formulate their own ideas based upon what they just read. Everything goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ relates perfectly to his previously mentioned view that the church and morality are forcing people to think and react in a certain way. He writes in a deductive, repetitious way that helps the reader to slowly understand what he is saying. He starts with a general statement The most general formulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which goes into his idea that the church and religion kills instinct and ends the piece with Everything good is instinctà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which shows Nietzsche repeating his beginning formula [although there is one more sentence after this beginning with Effort is an objection, the sentence is foreshadowing the next section about what people can do to retain their individuality. He uses repetition only to build emphasis that he sees the losing of instinct as the evil religion has done to humanity and that humanity without religion would be instinctual. Nietzsche also uses parallel structure, in the form of italics, to make his point ring clear. He believes himself to be the only German with intelligence and proves himself with My restored reason:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which shows he is arrogant and self righteous. The fact that he was arrogant doesnt do much to defer from his point, although it does add some irony to his words. Nietzsche uses antithesis as his basis for writing. He heavily contrasts any point he makes with the flaws of Christianity. .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .postImageUrl , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:hover , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:visited , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:active { border:0!important; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:active , .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44 .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66b19b6c13fc9159e13386309bcfae44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AENEAS A DEVOTED HERO EssayHe makes points that refute the divinity of Christianity by pointing out The Church and morality say:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and then My restored reason:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which heavily shows contrast between his reasoning and the churchs. Nietzsche further uses non-traditional figures of speech to get his reader to formulate ideas based on his writing. Nietzsche employs analogies, which are sometimes hard to follow, to help his views to impress the reader over his opposition. Such is the case in His friends say:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I say:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which is an analogy about human existence. He means that the church is killing mankind because it is taking away mans instinct and because of that man wont survive. In the passage Nietzsche equally states his opponents views with his own which has an effect of making the reader think that he is trying to be equal. For every view he presents he offers the churchs version then offers his view and why he think that way. Every moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ comes after a statement of what religions paradigm is he refutes with equal exposure for both his position and the opposition. Nietzsche uses oxymoron to show how religion is actually hurting the people it thinks is doing good. He points out that the church isnt necessarily suppressing its members, but moreover it is slowly weakening its members instinct. Nietzsche points out that the party will ruin itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and means that is religions paradigm of the atheist. Nietzsche doesnt necessarily try to make the reader think that his way is right, as pointed out in the introduction. His goal is to make the reader think, even if its against his views. Nietzsche is successful in making his reader think, any reader would agree. He meets his goal most successfully because he was an outstanding author who could make his points in a very effective way.

English 30 Essay Example

English 30 Essay 10/7/2013 Kay Gendron-Guest Turkle By. David Carpenter Guilt is not a simple feeling but is a past event attached with a lesson in a persons life. In the short story Turkle by David Carpenter, Elmer the farmer felt tremendous guilt after he told his wife, Elsie that he would be taking the children to school no matter the weather. This foolish action not only put his three children in danger but himself as well, resulting in the four almost all losing their lives. The character I personally admire would be Elsie Foster. Elsie was smart enough o know her family shouldnt have gone out into the blizzard, although she couldnt stop them she did try. Shortly after the blizzard when Elsie had discovered her family freezing practically to death, she did not even utter the words l told you so or any other uncouth or sarcastic remarks, but instead showed nothing but compassion and love towards her frozen family. I admire Elsie as although she was proven right she did not gloat about her notion but instead took full responsibility and care towards her family, nursing them all back to health and good temperature. The character I dislike the strongest would be Elmer Foster. I believe he is uppity and lacks common sense. Although Elmer is the man of the house I disbelieve he wears the pants in the relationship between him and Elsie. I strongly believe Elmer likes to always present himself as right but mostly always is wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on English 30 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English 30 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English 30 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The event of the Fosters could have simply been avoided if Elmer wasnt so pigheaded towards his wife. In the end Elmer comes to the conclusion that bad choices produce bad outcomes, and this was a bad outcome. As I read the short story Turkle I felt as if I had a strong connection nderstanding that decisions that are believed to be small can have a strong, large impactful conclusion. Although a decision may seem simple at the time, it is to be judged by the possible outcomes. This short story has taught me that all decisions in action is put into place. This short story has helped me personally understand to take my time when pondering what I believe the be a simple decision more closely and judge more constructively. It is hard to imagine a more stupid or more dangerous way of making decisions than by putting those decisions in the hands of people who pay no price for being wrong. -Thomas Sowell

Comparison of Beowulf and another Hero essays

Comparison of Beowulf and another Hero essays Long time ago, heroes were very important people. Only the men who were killing the others in the wars and winning the battles were considered as heroes. Seamus Heaneys book Beowulf is a good example of this kind of man. However, people of today can be called hero if they do something special and significant for their country. Christopher Columbus,who discovered America, is one of these persons. Actually, a hero is a courage man who possesses a special strength and ability, and who manages to do an important accomplishment. The two men mentioned above are equally very important , but also very different. Their actions differ from each other. This difference can be shown by explaining in details what Beowulf did, then what Christopher did, and finally by comparing Beowulf does correspond to the definition of the hero because he has this superhuman strenght and power which distinguish him from the other warriors. He doesnt fight against men , but against some big creatures such as a dragon. Beowulf is the only man capable to beat these enormous monsters. He is always proud of himself when he manages to kill one of these creatures: The man who had lately landed among them, proud and sure, had purged the hall, kept it from harm; he was happy with his nightwork and the courage he had shown. Grendel is actually the first horrible monster-giant whom Beowulf kills. This creature is murdering people for twelve years, every night, but nobody dares to approach him. It is the same when Grendels mother comes to avenge her son. Everybody is frightened except this brave man. The fight is not easy, but again, only Beowulf is able to kill him. Also, when the enormous dragon attacks his people,all the warriors except one ran for their lives to the safety of the wood, and ...

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here

Lessons we have learned from Suits. Read all about it here 5 Life Lessons we’ve learned from 'Suits' Life is made up of fascinating and memorable moments. We get to learn so many things from different spheres of life, some are learned from the streets, and others are learned from books and few from experiences. All we need to do is just pay little attention to these experiences. You can gain knowledge about social and business confidence from USA Network’s Suits. The wake of pain caused by retained emotional wounds can be taught by Sopranos and the breaking bad teaches you about pride and limits of loyalty. The following are the list of 5 lessons you can acquire from Suit: 1) Recognize Your Character: In the show Suits, Harvey is known to be proud, bold and charming. He is a man who recognizes his worth and doesn't allow what people say about him to discourage him or pull him down rather he utilizes their negativity to his advantage. How to apply this in your life? Have this at the back of your mind that the world perceives you from your own point of perception. If you see yourself as a failure the world will see and treat you as a failure that has nothing good to offer to them, this is why it is of good importance your carry yourself with a lot of dignity. Don’t be easily swayed by other people opinions about you. If someone provides you a reason to re-adjust your opinion or direction, reflect that in private and not in the open. Make your decision in a relaxed state of mind, rather than accepting their opinion in the moment because it sounds good. 2. Your Appearance: In the first episode of Suits, Harvey stated: â€Å"People react to how we’re dressed, if you want to be addressed as a king you may need to dress in notable regalia or else you will be addressed as a slave if you dress otherwise. For you to be the person you want people to address you as; you need to begin taking steps to doing things that will depict you to others the way you want to be addressed. So like it or not this is what you ought to do. The way you dress your body and move your body - your body language - provides a path for others to know your intention. 3. Be focused on getting solutions: At an early scene, Harvey asked Mike, his apprentice fake lawyer, â€Å"What choices do you have when someone places a gun to your head?† Mike replied him that he will do exactly what he is being instructed to do. Then Harvey responded with this golden nugget of a line: â€Å"Wrong! You either take hold of the gun, or you pull out a bigger one for yourself and you can do any one of the hundred and forty-six other things.† Having this kind of mindset Harvey said enables you to stay focus and not wallowing in depression. Rather it gives you room to be a solution provider for yourself and for others and this contributes to you gaining recognition and respect from others. 4. Try to maintain a strong eye contact: When you do this it shows your level of confidence and enables the person you are with to know how engrossed you are in their situation at the moment. A strong eye contact can be maintained between your clients, families and of course attractive women. 5. Believe in yourself: Harvey best quality was the faith he had in himself; he was so confident about his resources mentally, abilities and his dispositions. Harvey said it is better to ask for mercy rather than permission because if we depend on other people to accept or organize our next steps in life, we will never know what it means to grow or triumph over issues of life.

Report for Potential Investor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report for Potential Investor - Assignment Example Financial Analysis The Company’s Financial Analysis is based on the last 5 year’s financial data as per London Stock Exchange Website (Source: Robert Wiseman Dairies Fundamentals). ... the raw milk and oil prices (Source: annual report 2011, pg 17, web version) For 2011, the Company has reported an operating margin of 4.1% (Source: annual report 2011, pg 11, web version) after adjusting for non recurring items like closure of Okehampton Dairy and Cupar Depot (Source: annual report 2011, pg 17, web version) Net Profit Margin : Calculated as the ratio of Net Profit or Profit after tax to Revenue NPM 2.96% 4.03% 0.78% 2.68% 3.99% The profit margin of the Company is quite volatile as seen from the 5 year data. The Company benefited from lower finance cost which declined from ?1.3m to ?1.0m (Annual Report 2011, Pg 17, Web Version) and lower effective tax rate, down to 20.9% from 27.3%(Annual Report 2011, Pg 17, Web Version) in 2011 but the gains on absolute basis were more than offset by reduction in operating profit. Return on Equity : Calculated as the ratio of Net Income to Shareholder’s equity RoE 16.73% 25.61% 4.89% 13.85% 17.28% Net Profit Margin 2.96% 4.03 % 0.78% 2.68% 3.99% Asset Turnover (Sales/Assets) 2.72x 2.69x 2.75x 2.46x 2.50x Financial Leverage (Asset/Equity) 2.08x 2.36x 2.28x 2.10x 1.73x The return on equity for a Company justifies the investment of shareholder’s funds in that firm. It should be higher than the cost of equity which implies the Company has been adding value to shareholders. A high RoE is desirable, it should be analyzed in its components based on Dupont’s formula (i.e ROE = Net Profit Margin * Asset Turnover * Financial Leverage) to assess impact of each of component on ROE. Based on this, volatility in net profit margin it seems has made ROE volatile with Company managed to improve its asset turnover (conversion of asset employed in sales) over

Are we free or determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are we free or determined - Essay Example Though many philosophical points and theories are presented on this topic and this tradition exist throughout the world. It is observed that the determinism and free will are mutually exclusive to each other. The term determinism got wide meanings and there are two types of determinism, one is hard determinism or incompatibilists and the other one is soft determinism or compatibilists. Hard determinism is a belief, which says that the free will is an illusion but hard determinism says that both ideas can be coherently reconciled. The free will is believed to be metaphysical truth of independent agency or it is defined as the feeling of agency that human experience when they act. The concept of free will plays a central role in our thinking and our views about the world. On the other hand, determinists believe that the level to which human beings have influence over their future is itself dependent on present and past. And it is also described as a term that tells all events in the world are the result of some previous event, or events. And this shows that freedom of human beings is just an illusion. I believe that human are determined and not free will. It is sometimes believed that determinism demands that humans or individuals have no influence on the future events, but this concept is not correct. Determinism is that our past influences our future, and this is a true concept, even if we look it in our own lives. Many philosophers have given their views on this topic, including Omar Khayyam, Thomas Hobbes, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume and Daniel Dennett etc. If we look at the emergentist or the generative philosophy, we will see that the free will does not exist in it,2 but we can see its illusions because of the generation of infinite behavior from the interaction of finite-deterministic set of rules and constraints. And the unpredictable behavior of deterministic process leads us to the insight of free will. Though, we know that the free will is an ontological entity and it does not exist in real.3 According to some people, determinism is usually negated with morals and ethics. On the other hand, people say that determinism is simply the sum of the pragmatic scientific results, which had made it devoid of subjectivism. As we known that there are no hard-set rules and regulations for morals and ethics and they are different in different cultures, and this makes them different from the physical rules, which are pre-defined and hardly change under any circumstances. But still their existence means that they were a certain result or product themselves. This is due to a comprehensive time period of social development, which is witnessed today, and also a convergence of events, which are created to generate the very idea of morals and ethics in the minds of people. An example of determinism is genetic determinism, where we can now found a scientific connection between one's genes and one's actual and/or potential physical traits (hair and eye color, disease susceptibility, etc.). And this knowledge is used throughout the world for further research. The theory of determinism

Differences Between Colonies Essay Example for Free

Differences Between Colonies Essay Differences between colonies: Religious: The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth were Puritans vs. Anglicans at Jamestown. Plus, Plymouth was founded for religious reasons while Jamestown was founded for economic reasons. Dont get me wrongreligion was critical for both groups but the Puritans left England because they were religious outcasts while the settlers at Jamestown were there for economic benefit and had investors. Labor: Jamestown was initially settled under martial law and the military played a significant role (especially in terms of governance) within the colony while the military presence for Plymouth was more of militia and didnt grow until the colony spread beyond Plymouth. Social: More swamps, longer warm-weather seasons meant more mosquitoes in Virginia. The English settlers there came primarily from swampy areas of the UK and had been exposed to malaria previously. New research on the settlement suggests that one reason the settlers werent attacked and anhiliated by Indians (and why their numbers retreated back into the forests) was the sudden onset of malaria (a disease that did not exist in this part of the New World prior to the appearance of the English). But the settlers in Plymouth came to an area that had been devastated by disease earlier (thus wiping out most of the indigenous peoples). Life was hard for both colonies. But the puritans in Plymouth were more of a culture of cooperation and sharing which helped ease relations with the Indians and allowed them to weather the longer winters in NE better than the more mercenary nature of the Jamestown settlers. French Indian War: The conflict was first a world war. England did not focus all it;s might on the war and left much of the fighting to the colonists. This taught the Americans that the mother country wasnt always going to be there to save them. Communication between America and England was at the pace of a sailing ship. One could send a message but months could pass before an answer was received. It was very clear that the Americans were fighting the war pretty much on their own. Directions and help were a long time coming. Once the wars was over, the Colonists saw lands to the West to be open for settlement. Most of the colonies had charters granting them land all the way to the Pacific. The new lands were also seen as a reward for winning the war. The Proclamation of 1763 closed the new lands to  settlement. The Americans saw this as a absent ruler that didnt have a grasp on the needs of the Americans and the proclamation as a hardship. The English saw it as a way to keep peace with the Native Americans and not have to continue to fight a war in America. Finally the British government was deeply in debt. They saw the colonies as a revenue source. After all England had just fought a world war and saved the colonies from the French and Indians. They that were protected during the war should help pay for it. Long unused laws were enforced and new taxes added. The Americans saw this as more British heavy handedness. The Colonists had founght the war, mostly on their own, They had suffered loses, and now were both being blocked from westward expansion but were being taxed without having any say in the matter. TeaParty: Political That was the year the British enacted the Proclamation of 1763, which made it illegal for colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Economic The British also enacted the Currency Act in 1763, that law made it illegal for the colonists to make their own money. Both of these were done as a means for the British to gain more control of the colonists and this greatly upset the colonists. 1763 was the year the colonists started to realize they would be better off being independent of Britain and it sowed the seeds of revolution. The British responded to the Boston Tea Party by making th Intolerable Acts which closed the Boston Ports and destroyed the Massachusetts government. Articles: There was no foreign policy, and states printed their own currency. The federal government could not tax; there was no Federal Army, no judicial system, and a lack of national compulsive power over states. It was a weak alliance, it needed approval from 9 of all 13 states to be amended, no executive or judicial branch, only a one house congress where every state had 1 vote. It couldnt regulate interstate trade, impose taxes, or coin money. They also had no leader to run the country.

orwell :: essays research papers

Animal Farm and The Russian Revolution Minor characters and events of the novel Animal Farm symbolize things that are related to the history of Russia. Animal Farm is a story on Stalinism and the Russian Revolution. The characters in Animal Farm all have a part in the Soviet Union meaning the Russian Revolution. The similarities of Mr. Jones and Czar Nicholas II, the leader previous to Stalin tie into each other. There was a strike wave go on in Petrograd. Over 300,000 people went through economic crisis. Factories had a lack of fuel and there were power cuts. The railways were collapsing and there was no meat, and a shortage of flour. Hunger spread through the country. The bourgeois liberals of the â€Å"Progressive Bloc† pleaded with Tsar Nicholas for reform trying to frighten him with revolution. That revolution broke into the February Revolution. Farmer Jones came home drunk one night and didn’t feed the animals making it worse than it already was as they were already starving. The animals got the image of the revolution from Old Major in their heads and attacked. They succeeded and won the battle against Mr. Jones as they drove him off the farm. The animals were now free to do what ever they wanted and needed to pick a leader. Out of all of the animals the pigs were considered to be the most brilliant. The two pigs that stood out the most were Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon is not a good speaker, but he can assert himself. Snowball is a better speaker because he has a lot of ideas. These two pigs did not get along, much like Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. The Russian leaders fought for power and Stalin achieved sole power and Trotsky was exiled. Trotsky escaped Stalin’s dilemmas. Stalin hated his opponent so much that he caused his name to be written simply â€Å"Judas Trotsky.† Stalin stole many of Trotsky’s ideas and methods. Eventually Trotsky was expelled from Russia. In the same manner, Snowball and Napoleon always argued over ideas. Napoleon was already power hungry and had a plan to get rid of Snowball after the rebellion. In the middle of this all, Snowball was planning out to build a windmill for power to energize the farm. Napoleon then directed the dogs he raised since they were puppies on Snowball and chased him off the farm. Napoleon eliminated his only enemy and was free to control the farm.

Andrew Linklater & cosmopolitanism Essay

Andrew Linklater, an eloquent exponent of the promise of this type of cosmopolitanism, says that he is interested in ‘the social bonds which join and separate associate and disassociate’ (Linklater 1998a: 2). He points out that, ‘with the rise of the nation-state, one identity was chosen and made central to contemporary political life. Shared national identity was deemed to be the decisive social bond which links citizens together in the ideal political community’ (Linklater 1998a: 179), and he wants to resist the actually ineluctable linking of ‘political community’ with the state. Thus: ‘Regard for the interests of outsiders can expand in one epoch and wane in another: hence the significance of a cosmopolitan ethic which questions the exact moral significance of national boundaries’ (Linklater 1998a: 2). Linklater offers us two types of social bond beyond the state. The first kind of glue that might embrace people together, he says, is a ‘commitment to open dialogue’: ‘the bond which unites them [members of a society] can be obliged as much to the ethical commitment to open dialogue as to logic of primordial attachments’ (Linklater 1998a: 7). The political undertaking of the cosmopolitan, then, is to ‘create institutional frameworks which broaden the boundaries of the dialogic community’ (Linklater 1998a: 7). The most common condemnation of this kind of thing is that it needs too much of a suspension of disbelief; that obligation to open dialogue’ is a desperately weak candidate for social glue-dom in contrast with the ‘primordial attachments’ of family, history, and culture. The question is: what will ‘open dialogue’ tell us that we do not already know? Dialogic cosmopolitanism’s sustain for open and un-coerced dialogue is obviously aimed at listening to what Linklater and others call ‘subaltern voices’—the voices of the dispossessed, the marginalized, the barred. The cosmopolitan call for more dialogue is so essential to its programme that one could be forgiven for thinking that the expelled, the marginalized, and the debarred were totally silent. Yet they are not. Positively cosmopolitan, as articulated by Linklater and others, shares its non-territoriality with post-cosmopolitan nationality. Both of them are also getting on on ‘the expedition for a new language of politics which challenges the belief that the individual’s inner political obligations are to the nation state’ (Linklater 2002: 317). But on the other hand we have comment cosmopolitanism’s unwillingness to entertain care and compassion as potential citizenship virtues, and this is a key feature of post-cosmopolitan citizenship. in the same way, cosmopolitanism’s non-territoriality seems to be accompanied by the belief that citizenship is carried out completely in the public sphere, a view that is again challenged by post-cosmopolitan citizenship. Yet it is perhaps in considered to the feature that they seem most obviously to have in common that they churn out to differ most—non-territoriality. In this context, Kimberly Hutchings considerately points to two types of conception of non-territoriality, and argues for a citizenship that ‘rather than . . . being incorporated in an ethical universalism which is dormant in concepts of liberal-democratic citizenship . . . becomes located in the actual interrelation and interaction of both individuals and collectives’ (1996: 127). By suggesting that there is no right place to stand, it can take several of the moralists out of our politics. Better still, by doing so it can set free us to pursue a long term procedure of trans-local connecting that is both political and educational at once. And in the middle of the short-term politico-educational crisis where we now get ourselves, it can assign a teaching of culture competent of rallying the energy and enthusiasm of a broad front of people who are not all or even mostly leftists, whatever the right may think. As a practice of contrast, a range of tolerances and secularisms, an international proficiency or mode of citizenship that is the control of no one class or civilization, it answers the charges of â€Å"particularize† and â€Å"loss of standards. † As a constructive ideal of interconnected knowledge and pedagogy, it elevates rather than lowers existing educational standards. It presents multiculturalism as both a common program and a decisive program. Cosmopolitanism would seem to mimic capital in seizing for itself the privilege (to paraphrase Wall Street) of â€Å"knowing no boundaries. † Which is also the gendered privilege of knowing no bodies: of being, in Donna Haraway’s words, â€Å"a conquering gazes from nowhere,† a gaze that claims â€Å"the power to see and not be seen, to represent while escaping representation. † (1990, p. 188) Though, Cosmopolitanism has long been a freedom in international politics, only accessible to elite—those who have the resources essential to travel, learn other languages, and take up other cultures. For the majority of the population, living their lives within the cultural space of their own state, cosmopolitanism has not been an alternative (hence perhaps the popular suspicion of cosmopolitanism). Though, in the contemporary world of international politics, cultural and linguistic diversity is all-pervading, and the capability to communicate with others and to recognize their cultures is available to everybody. Too often, circumstances are not favorable to this. Members of other cultural groups are considered of as threats, undermining recognized ways of life and competing for all too inadequate employment prospects and welfare resources. In these circumstances, the enticement towards closure might be overwhelming: to assert one’s own cultural identity aligned with the real or imagined threat of the other. In a framework of uncertainty, barriers and defenses might well appear to be the simple way to protect one’s own identity. Yet it is also the route towards cultural stagnation. It influences international politics in a means that Cosmopolitanism is the hard won and hard to sustain virtue of living with and understanding diversity. It is perhaps the prime virtue necessary if some appearance of communal social life is to be maintained in the late contemporary world. Cosmopolitanism in this sense is not contrary with the moral cosmopolitan’s persistence on the basic equality of all, nor with the legal cosmopolitan’s project of creating institutional and organizational structures through which this parity can be recognized and protected. It is, though, a significant corrective to the austere universalism to which philosophical cosmopolitans are often drawn, where particular attachments and kinships are regarded as impediments to, rather than essentials of, a global moral order. It is only if the virtue of cosmopolitanism is extensive in the relevant communities that there will be any probability of realizing cosmopolitan ideals. If cultural diversity is the needed outcome of it influence an approach to international politics, then cosmopolitanism is the asset of this necessity. Work Cited Beck, Ulrich (1994), ‘The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization’, in Beck, Giddens and Lash (1994): 1–55. Beck, Ulrich, Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash (1994), Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order.Cambridge: Polity Press. Daniele Archibugi, â€Å"Cosmopolitical Democracy,† New Left Review, 4, July-August 2000: 144. Donna Haraway, â€Å"Situated Knowledges: The Science Questionin Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,† in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,† Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (London: Free Association Books, 1990), p. 188. Epictetus. 1920. The Discourses of Epictetus; with the Encheiridion and Fragments. Translated by G. Long. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. Also Available At: http://etext. library. adelaide. edu. au/e/epictetus/e65d/part9. html

Comparison on Classroom and Technological Education Essay

Perceivably two of the most important issues raised in every college revolve around the dilemmas on finances and instruction. Operating a college is like operating any other business. It takes immense amount of financial aid to make a college work in the most proficient and smooth manner. Given these reasons, community colleges are challenged with the utmost sense of stability and efficiency which rather gives those under the administration a trigger on the vortex of their intellectual capacity and managerial capabilities in that certain extent. For these reasons, online learning has crossed beyond borders slowly converting the conventional trend in education to a rather efficient and advanced scheme while saving much on the society’s pockets. It is true for a fact that funding or running any form of institution requires much rather than that which is aided to be a smooth sailing entity like any other business (Conner). Hence, the challenge does not only withstand within the walls of the school, but rather expanding on several skills needed so as to keep its foot on the charms through the help of financing companies and private organizations given the fact that community colleges cannot stand on its own in the financial basis. Mainly such income surfaces from three sources: local tax, students’ tuition and fees and state revenues (Stuart Lusty). Analysis The percentage of each source of funding varies enormously one state to another. For example, in California students pay about only one tenth of the benchmarked education cost while in other states, students pay as much as one-fourth of the total cost (Conner). Aside from that, there are still other form of fees which are taken gravely in the pockets of those who enroll their children in schools such as miscellaneous fees and materials needed for the completion of their respective courses (Shorrocks-Taylor, W. and Angell). Each has its pros and cons. The most widely used one is funding based on full-time student enrollment. Hence, such is not a practical formula since it does not take other costs such as facilities into consideration. Educational system Further, since the sources of revenue from institutions are limited, as stated above, colleges must find their own way to generate proceeds. Nevertheless, establishing foundations to receive fund from alumni and other donors is one of the cited common practice—selling school related merchandises, leasing extra parcel to developers or ever â€Å"reclamation of lands abandoned by former coal mining companies. † (p. 157)—another way to balance the budget is by saving costs. These sometimes cause schools to change their policy causing them to hire more part-time instructors, rent spaces instead of building new classrooms, reducing student services or limit student enrollment—this seems to go against community colleges’ policy of open enrollment—an irony which denotes compromise. As a matter of fact, some argue that instructors in community colleges are better trained in teaching than those in four-year colleges (Conner). It is basically one of the main reasons why parents critically choose the colleges and universities where to entrust their children’s future. Classroom education Given these various arguments, studies have shown that the delight offered by the â€Å"fresher† form of education is still a mile away from the effectiveness catered with traditional classroom education. It helps students and teachers interact personally while squeezing what is best in each student in the most conventional but â€Å"sure-hit-on-the-brain† perspective. In essence, the percentage of â€Å"learning thoroughly† over â€Å"assisted learning† comes in a pace of large difference (White). The traditional classroom education helps students to meet their respective classmates and interact with them five days a week. More specifically, the presence of â€Å"clubs and organizations† does not only help these students to enhance their skills and apply them for the benefit of the group is a matter of fact a beneficial factor to the kind of profession that they will soon take in the near future (Albalooshi). Distance learning Due to advent of technological advancement, distance learning becomes a trend for community colleges—television and computers become instructional materials, allowing individuals to venture in â€Å"home learning† while mounting the number of enrollees in such form of education and leaving the â€Å"traditional† way of academic acquisition (White). The following however, were noted to be the advantages: writing across the curriculum helps students to improve writing skills; supplement instruction identified high risk courses and help students with those courses; mastery learning makes students competent; competency-based instruction is similar with master degrees and other tutorial services through the internet helps students cope up with various needs in the academic arena (p. 177). Classroom issues The issue of discrimination and other forms of prejudice in the classroom landscape has always been a major factor why some students fail or prefer not to go to school. However, through online learning, these issues are not floating in the scenario. Given the fact that the online enrollees are only interacting virtually with their teachers and their classmates through emails and not through face-to-face meetings, the â€Å"physical† interaction (Januszewski, Molenda and Harris)—which sometimes lead to diverse impressions—are eradicated and this argument makes it more efficient for this â€Å"somehow reprimanded† individuals to pursue education hassle-free at that (Roblyer). It may be a form of â€Å"individual† learning, but through online learning, students are able to do errands after finishing their educational tasks without leaving their homes. Studies in â€Å"online learning† show that individuals who have families and were not able to finish school because of time constraints were able to get the degree they wanted in the most efficient mean possible (Januszewski, Molenda and Harris). Conclusions and further remarks It is true that there exists a humungous demarcation line between the two kinds of learning. Thus, this gap is made not to eradicate the other form from the other, but to improve the society’s way of life. It may have caused several predicaments and may have not completely improved the educational landscape of the society thus for other groups, the innovative form served them good. It may then be taken to assumption that these kinds of learning is basically equipped not to mess the system of acquiring knowledge, rather to give the society sets of choices which have been shaped in accordance to what the proponents of these learning methods have crafted. More specifically, this serves as a proof that education does not stop in extending their capabilities to mold people to become professionals and earn a living, the scope of technology has not congested only on the realm of entertainment and recreation but on the basis of the only treasure that one may cherish in life—and that is education.

Research Paper on Facebook

Research Paper on Facebook Research paper on How Facebook, a social networking site, affects the quality of adult relationships: Introduction There are many places where one can choose to go to so as can observe things that interest them. Communication is an essential aspect in life, without it, life cannot function well. Lately, most people have been taken over by social websites for interaction, such as twitter and Facebook. Adults also stay abreast in this matter as they are using it to establish and form relationships. Adults, who want to find love, mostly use the latter and those in need of expanding their businesses and careers. The locations, which I chose, were Starbucks, a friend’s house and ‘the spot’ that is hookah lounge. This are places where many people go to and as well as them being conducive for facebooking. Day 1-Starbucks It is on the 12th day of October, in the year 2011, that I set out to go and observe the effects that Facebook has had on the adult population. According to research, over eighty percent of American adults consume coffee and Starbucks is where they obtain their favorite brew. At around seven thirty, I set out to star bucks, which is located at the city center. It is strategically positioned and this means that many adults on their way to work have to pass by. Currently, Facebook is the most popular social site in the world and it attracts even adults, who would be busy with other things. Starbucks is especially full since it is a cold morning and everyone is in dire need of coffee, which has been freshly brewed. Upon entering Starbucks, the smell of coffee is eminent and people are lined up as they wait to be served. Others are seated as they sip on their favorite brand of coffee. For the second time in a different setting, I notice that people are on Facebook. I see a familiar face and it is my friend and she has come to get coffee, before going to work. Upon seeing her Blackberry, I notice that she is on Facebook. She tells me that it is through the social networks that she keeps in touch with her other friends. This is because she hardly ever finds time to see them physically. Facebook has taken over peoples’ lives and it is controlling how they communicate. Day 1- Friends house Later on, during the day, at two in the afternoon, I head to my friends house, in order to use her laptop for my assignment. Upon arriving, there is blaring hip-hop music and my friend greets me as she welcomes me into her study area. I notice that most of her attention is on the mobile phone that she is using. While we talk, she is constantly communicating with people and I assume that she is texting. As I sit and do my work using her laptop, she laughs out loudly and tells me about the comment made by her friend on Facebook. Yet another incident whereby, people are communicating through Facebook is presented before me. She tells me that she finds it hard to call her friends as it is expensive, and she is used to the social website. From her reaction, it seems that Facebook is extremely vital to her and prefers it, than having physical contact with other people. As she carries on with her duties around the house, I notice that she is constantly multitasking because her phone is always held by her. I over hear her talking to her mother who is scolding her for not being attentive and diligent in her duties. Furthermore, her mother blames it on her obsession with Facebook. These observations are becoming extremely common in the two scenes, which I have visited. Day 2- Hookah lounge ‘The spot’ The following day I go to the hookah lounge at five in the evening. This is the time when many people have just come from work and want to get a drink. The crowd here is mostly young adults and they are seated in small groups, as they talk about their daily experiences in life. The background music is soothing and this creates a conducive atmosphere for some love birds seated at the corner of the lounge. Despite being on date, a certain couple is often interrupted as the male, keeps on checking his phone. From the gestures he is making, he seems to be irritating his date but he does not seem to notice this. After a few minutes, the female leaves, and the male does not seem bothered. Relationships are being destroyed by Facebook and this issue should be addressed. Day 2- Starbucks I choose to go back to Starbucks at seven in the evening, as this time is helpful for further observation. People who do not take alcohol and prefer a calmer environment choose to go to Starbucks. I seat next to a young man who is working on his laptop. It seems that he is busy working on a project, but after a closer look, he is on Facebook chatting. On a normal evening, the young man could be with his friends or family, but he chooses to sit alone and chat. I think that this is extremely unhealthy and unsocial. I then head out to go home and cannot avoid seeing as people leave their places of work and most of them are busy with their phones. The latter range from I -phones, to Blackberries and even other brands, which are not known. There is noise coming from almost every direction, such as the hooting taxis, street vendors and the people who are catching after their work places. Constant use of mobile phones is the most unique thing taking place. It seems that the mobile phone is the most common form of communication in this generation. Conclusion According to what I have observed, relationships, which adults have, are becoming virtual. Mobile phones are not being used for traditional communication, but rather for the purpose of Facebook communication. The number of adults who are in Facebook is alarming and this might cause problems in the future. It is vital that people are made aware about the negative impacts of using Facebook excessively. Relationships are being destroyed by Facebook and its users do not seem to notice this. If given another chance, I would like to try this observation in another setting such as a school, hospital or an office. I think the results will be the same, because so long one has access to the internet, they cannot resist from using Facebook. I would like to know if people are aware that they are obsessed with Facebook, which has taken over their lives.

Word Choice Lessen vs. Lesson

Word Choice Lessen vs. Lesson Word Choice: Lessen vs. Lesson Sometimes, when two words look and sound similar, they come from the same root term. Other times, the similarity is a complete coincidence. Such is the case with lessen and lesson. And because these words are unrelated, you should always take care to use them correctly in your writing. Lessen (Become Less) The verb â€Å"lessen† means â€Å"reduce in degree or amount.† This can be either something that happens naturally or something someone does actively: Its speed has lessened since the previous observation. I eat a healthy diet to lessen my risk of heart disease. As you may have guessed, this word is related to the adverb â€Å"less.† Lesson (Learning Opportunity) The word â€Å"lesson† is a noun meaning â€Å"a time set aside for learning†: The teacher always prepared lessons that would keep the kids interested. In the sentence above, for example, we’re talking about a time set aside for formal education in a classroom. But learning a â€Å"lesson† can include many things, from taking proofreading lessons online to learning from a mistake: After missing my flight, I learned a lesson about planning my journeys. We will not imprison you this time, but let this fine be a lesson to you. The â€Å"less† in â€Å"lesson† isn’t the same as the â€Å"less† in â€Å"lessen,† though. Rather, this word comes from the Latin lectionem, which meant â€Å"a reading.† And the original use of â€Å"lesson† reflects this, since it once referred specifically to a reading from the Bible rather than teaching in general. Summary: Lessen or Lesson? These words may sound and look similar, but they have very different uses: Lessen is a verb meaning â€Å"become less† or â€Å"reduce in amount or degree.† Lesson is a noun that usually refers to a period of time used for teaching. It can also mean â€Å"learning opportunity† more generally. And since these words are so different, you’ll want to use the right one every time! So to make sure your writing is always error free, try submitting a document for proofreading today.

Business Analysis of W San Francisco Hotel Essay

Business Analysis of W San Francisco Hotel - Essay Example As a well-established facility, W Hotel San Francisco has a total of 404 rooms. These are used to provide a variety of services including Wonderful Rooms, Spectacular Rooms, Cool Corner Rooms and Fantastic Rooms. Each of these is very important since they offer a distinct category of services to a diverse group of clients who frequent the facility for accommodation. Summarily, these rooms are made to cater for each of the clients in line with their income and preferences. They have bed and table spaces to suite both individuals and groups as well. Indeed, W Hotel San Francisco should be considered as the best facility in the region. A part from offering a wide range of services, it has a team of professionals to manage it and offer day to day services required by its customers. Besides, it offers high quality services such as 100% organic coffee, wines and meals. At the same time, it has a well-equipped gym which remains accessible to all the clients at any time of the day (Gross 180). Finally, unlike its competitors, it provides on-site parking spaces to its clients at merely $54 per day. These make it to enjoy a competitive advantage over its rivals. In conclusion, W Hotel San Francisco is the place to be. It offers a high level of services which cannot be found anywhere. â€Å"Trace† Restaurant is one of the most spectacular places within the precincts of W Hotel SF. As a restaurant, it is equipped with modern facilities necessary for the provision of high quality services to our clients.

Trade, Regionalism and Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trade, Regionalism and Globalisation - Essay Example The welfare consequences of tariffs and quotas are discussed in this paper. The theories developed in this field reveal that tariffs and quotas cannot be imposed without appropriate evaluation of local market needs. Moreover, it has been proved that tariffs are more popular than quotas as tools for increasing profits from trade. Also, both tariffs and quotas often limit the attractiveness of a county as a trade partner. Besides their negative consequences, tariffs and quotas are extensively used by governments for improving public finances. It is suggested that protectionism measures, such as tariffs and quotas, would be rather avoided; instead, the rules of international trade should be reviewed ensuring that restrictions in trade, where applied, are limited and absolutely necessary for eliminating threats for the national economy. 2.0 Welfare consequences of tariffs and quotas In economics, the term welfare is used for reflecting mainly the material welfare, as this trend is highli ghted in the work of Marshall (Reddy and Saraswathi 2007). 2.1 Evaluation of a market’s efficiency The introduction of tariffs and quotas is often considered as an effort to limit free trade, as the concept was first introduced by Adam Smith in 1776 (Van Marrewijk 2007). The specific view can be characterized as justified since tariffs and quotas can reduce the attractiveness of a market as a partner in global trade transactions. For this reason, before applying tariffs and quotas in a particular market it would be necessary to evaluate primarily the market’s efficiency. The Ricardian model is considered as the most popular model for evaluating a market’s efficiency. According to this model, in markets where the technology employed in the production process is unique market efficiency is considered to be high. Reference is made to all the phases of the production process, including the selection of raw materials, the process of these materials and the distributi on of the final product in the market. The Ricardian model is not appropriate for all markets but rather for those markets that are free from protectionism measures, such as tariffs and quotas (Van Marrewijk 2007, 156). The Heckscher-Ohlin model is also used for checking a market’s efficiency. In the specific model the criterion used for evaluating market’s efficiency is not technology, as in the Ricardian model, but the level of abundance of goods. According to this model, a country is expected to export only those goods that are abundant in local market. A market where different types of such products/ goods are available is characterized as highly efficient (Van Marrewijk 2007, p.156). 2.2 Tariffs vs. quotas – welfare consequences In general, both tariffs and quotas result to the radical increase of costs related to various phases of the production process (McEathern 2007). Also, both tariffs and quotas can lead to the increase of a product’s price. Mo re specifically, by imposing a tariff on a particular product a government makes the product more expensive compared to other markets (Mankiw and Taylor 2006). In this way, the consumers have to pay a higher price for the particular product, a fact that would decrease their welfare. Quotas have a similar effect on a product’s price. For example, the tariff-rate quota imposed by the US government has resulted to the increase of the price of raw cane sugar across US (Carbaugh 2012). As a result, consumers in US have to pay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 8 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 8 - Essay Example Adding 200 safety units we get 392units. Expected delivery time is 2 weeks hence (392/2) 196 units per week. If the usage remains constant, then the Webster could operate at 4 weeks (392/4) when waiting for delivery of each order. It should be noted the discount has reduced the unit price. The TIC IS $24800 so if the Webster now orders 1000 units at a time, the incremental annual cost become $(24800-20000) = $4800. The 1 per cent on each unit of chip will amount to savings of 0.01$(200)*(5000) = 10000 dollars (Tajbakhsh, 2007). The effective savings is $(10000-4800) = $5200 if the firm accepts the discount which is advised to take. i. The EOQ model can be used at different short constant kind of situations taking into account that the assumptions made in the derivation of the model calls for constant variables. It can therefore be used using the annual rates of each period. 4. The manufacturing trend is skewed to flexibility of designed plants, which give a go ahead in production without incurring high costs of setting up. This immensely reduce inventory holding of final

Flexibility And Stretching | Essay

Flexibility And Stretching | Essay Mans interest in flexibility is by no means a modern development. The importance of flexibility and its practice is evident from Roman times in the training of Gladiators, and in more recent times World War I injuries spurred the study of orthopedics. Specifically, as injured soldiers returned from war many were compromised in basic daily function because of loss of flexibility that occurred from war injuries. It was observed how this limited ones activities and the practice of restoring function began. The interest in flexibility was heightened again in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s when standardized fitness tests were developed and children were performing poorly on flexibility and strength measures. Fast forwarding to today restoration of range of motion is a primary goal of therapists when rehabilitating musculoskeletal injuries and it is often the most limiting factor in recovery from a musculoskeletal injury. Beyond that, we now have science to demonstrate the loss of flexibility and muscle function with age which leads to loss of independence and thus the primary goal of many exercise programs is to maintain muscular strength and flexibility.(Kraus, H., Hirschland, R. P. 1954). But have you ever wondered why some people are more flexible than others? Is it because they stretch more, or is it a genetic trait? You probably know someone who is quite flexible but who rarely stretches. Are females more flexible than males? How do you become more flexible? These are all important questions regarding muscle flexibility. We can accurately answer some of these questions but other answers are less clear. This chapter will provide some insights into the numerous factors that influence flexibility. Flexibility is basically described as the total range of motion (ROM) around a joint (or group of joints such as the spine). Thus the terms flexibility and ROM are often used interchangeably. One problem in the literature is the inconsistent use of terms such as flexibility, stretching, range of motion, and so on. Many other terms are also related to overall flexibility and these terms along with definitions are presented below in Table 8.1. In more scientific term, flexibility is defined as the intrinsic property of body tissues. However, while both intrinsic and extrinsic factors relate to flexibility, the intrinsic component is clearly more important. ROM is highly variable from joint to joint and from person to person. Flexibility as a term is used by many practitioners, including strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, physical therapists, doctors, and chiropractors, etc. For this reason there are often differences in what each practitioner means when they refer to flexibility. Thus, we must consider the setting in which the term flexibility is being used, such as a clinic, running track, or training room. Flexibility is advocated as promoting multiple healthy outcomes. In general, flexibility declines with age and injury. The benefits of stretching include: Decreased risk of low back pain Reduced muscle soreness post exercise Reduced risk of musculoskeletal injury Increased functional range of motion Increased comfort in activities of daily living Improved muscular efficiency Faster recovery from injury Improved postural alignment Improved mobility Improved self perception with movement Adapted from Mc Hugh Gleim (1998) Alkylosis: Pathologically low flexibility (may be whole body or joint specific). Compliance: How easy the muscle lengthens or stretches. Deformation: The ability of the muscle to change shape (stretch) and then return to normal. Elasticity: The ability of a material to resist deformation from force and then return to normal state. Flexibility: The intrinsic property of body tissues that determine ROM without injury. Hypermobility: Excessive joint (or group of joints) ROM. Stiffness: A measure of a materials elasticity, often defined as the ration of force to elongation. Viscoelastic: Complex mechanical behavior of a material because the resistive force in the material is dependant on elongation (elastic) and the rate (viscous) at which the force is applied. Yield Point: the point beyond which deformation becomes permanent (or muscle is torn). Stretch Tip number 1(see illustrations). Your father is interested in improving his range of motion in his shoulders. Can you suggest 3 basic exercises? a. Large arm circles. Stand up tall and swing both arms in large circles forward and backwards for 10 rotations each. b. Full arm wall press: Stand against a wall with your arm straight back and against the wall. Keep your arm against the wall and gently turn your body away from the wall slightly and hold fro 20 seconds. Repeat on each side. c. Lie on your back, put your arms out straight, hands overlapping, and place on the floor behind your head. Hold for 20 seconds (1)Anatomy and Physiology of Stretching Flexibility The anatomy and physiology of stretching involves multiple components: the design of the musculoskeletal system, muscle composition and connective tissue. Additionally, we must consider other co-contracting and synergistic muscle groups, the types of muscle actions and the forces produced. Lets look at the role of these components in stretching. Design of the Musculoskeletal System: The muscles and bones naturally comprise the musculoskeletal system. The muscles are often viewed as cords attached to levers to facilitate movement and posture. The muscles pull on the bones generating tension and consequently movement. Bones are connected to bones via ligaments which are not very flexible. The muscles are attached to the bone via tendons which are more flexible than ligaments, as is the muscle itself. Muscles vary in shape and size depending upon their role. Generally longer muscles are more flexible with a greater range of motion. Muscle Composition: While the body contains several types of muscle, such as skeletal, heart, and digestive, their basic structure is the same. That is, the muscle composition is similar in that they all contain fascicles, fiber, myofibrils, sarcomeres, and contractile proteins. In skeletal muscle, a fibrous connective tissue called the epimysium covers the bodys more than 430 skeletal muscles. Inside the epimysium the muscle fibers are bound in bundles called fascicles which often contain 100-150 fibers. Within fascicles, muscle fibers are separated by the endomysium. Outside of the fascicles lies the perimysium which separates the fascicles wrapped in the epimysium. The muscle fiber itself is made up of proteins called actin and myosin (contractile proteins) and these proteins are arranged longitudinally within the smallest component of the muscle fiber, the sarcomere. It is the sarcomere that actually shortens and lengthens when we perform a contraction. Fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers. Fiber: Cylindrical cells that sometimes run the length of the muscle. Myofibril: The inside of a muscle fiber that contain the contractile proteins, actin and myosin. Sarcomere: The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Connective Tissue: A main factor affecting ROM is connective tissue. Connective tissue can be found all around muscles. Connective tissue contains two types of fiber called collagenous connective tissue and elastic connective tissue. Collagenous tissue comprises mainly collagen, which are extracellular, related proteins that provide tensile strength. Elastic tissue comprises mostly elastin, a yellow scleroprotein that provides elasticity. In general, the greater the amount of elastic connective tissue surrounding a joint; the greater the elasticity or ROM will be around that joint. Muscle Groups: The way in which a muscle group interacts with the other co-contracting muscles in its group can also influence ROM. For example, with knee flexion we have hamstring contractions, gastrocnemius lengthening (or shortening), gluteal shortening, and so on. At the same time the quadriceps relax so as not to impede the flexibility. This is referred to as reciprocal inhibition (more about this later). It is also referred to as the agonist/antagonist relationship. Thus the degree of resistance or compliance of an opposing or synergistic muscle can increase or decrease ones ROM. Insert Illustration showing agonist-antagonist relationship Research Box Effects of Stretching on Passive Muscle Tension and Response to Eccentric Exercise. La Roche DA and Connolly DA. 2006 (vol 34, 6, 1000-1007). American Journal of Sports Medicine. The purpose of this study was to assess if 4 weeks of stretching could reduce the risk of muscle injury following eccentric exercise. 29 subjects were assigned to a static stretching, ballistic stretching, or control group. Baseline measurements for dynamic range of motion, stiffness, peak torque, and soreness were recorded. Subjects then performed a stretching program for s total of 3600 seconds over 4 weeks in their assigned group. Baseline tested was then repeated with an eccentric task designed to cause muscle damage added after day 1. Both stretching groups increased their range of motion and stretch tolerance following the 4 weeks of stretching. After eccentric exercise both stretching groups had greater range of motion and less pain than the control group. The authors concluded that 4 weeks of stretching maintains range of motion following eccentric exercise. The Action of Stretching When you stretch your muscle the origin of the stretch is in the sarcomere. As the sarcomere contracts, the area of overlap between thick and thin filaments increases and this facilitates increased forced production. Consequently, as the muscle stretches this area of overlap decreases allowing muscle elongation. This is often referred to as Sarcomeres in series. When the muscle reaches its maximum resting length the stretch tension transfers to the connective tissue. Because connective tissue is less pliable than muscle tissue, the relative stretch is considerably decreased. When we stretch, not all fibers are stretched and the length of the muscle actually depends upon the number of stretched fibers. As we increase the length of the muscle more fibers are stretched. The ultimate length of the stretch is also influenced by other feedback from proprioceptors, the stretch reflex and lengthening reaction. Lets look at what these are! (3)Proprioceptors Anytime we move our limbs around we receive feedback information about the position and length of our muscles and limbs. This information about the musculoskeletal system is relayed back to the central nervous system via proprioceptors. Proprioception is a spatial awareness of ones body movement and position. Proprioceptors are sometimes referred to as mechanoreceptors and they specifically detect changes in position, force and tension of muscles. When we stretch a muscle the proprioceptors provide feedback about the length of the muscle, especially pain and discomfort when the muscle is stretched too far. The primary proprioceptors involved in stretching are called muscle spindles or stretch receptors. Also involved are golgi tendon organs which are found in the tendon at the end of muscle. They provide information specifically on positional changes and pressure or tension. Golgi tendon organs provide information about the change in muscle tension and also the rate of change in tens ion (sometimes called rate of force development). Thus, together they provide feedback about when our muscles are lengthening or are experiencing too much force. (3)Stretch Reflex Naturally, when the muscle lengthens so too do the muscle spindles. The information provided by the spindles triggers what is called the stretch reflex or myotatic reflex. This causes the muscle to try and shorten (it basically resists lengthening). This stretch reflex contains both a static and a dynamic component that relate to the initial increase in length and the duration of the stretch. These are called the lengthening reaction and the reciprocal inhibition. (3)The Lengthening Reaction When we stretch and induce the stretch reflexes causing the muscle to contract, tension is produced at the musculotendonous junction (this is where the GTO is located). As the tension increases it reaches a threshold which causes a lengthening reaction which prevents the muscle from contracting and actually causes them to relax. (This is often referred to as the inverse myotatic reflex or autogenic inhibition.) This action is part of the reason that exercise prescription for stretching advocates holding a stretch for at least 15-20 seconds. (3)Reciprocal Inhibition A final consideration in this section is the action called reciprocal inhibition. In reciprocal inhibition the antagonists are essentially neutralized and prevented from contracting thereby not impeding the stretch of the agonist. Practicing how to voluntarily relax your antagonist can increase your stretch response in the agonists. (1)Types of Stretching Stretching can take many forms, last for various durations, and have both negative and positive effects on athletic performance. Stretching can be performed statically or dynamically. If a stretch is performed dynamically, it directly affects dynamic flexibility. If it is done statically, it will directly affect static flexibility. There is also some crossover effect between the types of stretching. There are numerous ways to stretch. The following is a list of stretching techniques. Static Type Stretching Static stretching basically involves a form of stretching whereby the muscle is lengthened and then held in that lengthened position for a pre-determined period of time. The following are types of dynamic stretching. Static Holding Stretching involves stretching ones own muscle as far as comfortable and then holding the stretch for 10-30 seconds. Passive Stretching involves someone else stretching your muscle and applying the 10-30 second hold. This method usually results in a further stretch than individual static stretching. Sometimes this technique is used without someone else when you use another body part to stretch a particular muscle group. A simple example is stretching your quadriceps by holding onto your foot and pulling up towards your back. Sometimes you will see passive stretching called relaxed stretching or static-passive stretching. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching (PNF) is a popular and effective method of rapidly increasing ROM. PNF combines both static and dynamic components by having isometric agonist contraction, relaxation and contraction again. It normally requires a partner and is sometimes call partner assisted stretching. In basic PNF the individual stretches an agonist muscle as far as possible (a partner can help stretch further.) This initial stretch is held for about 10 seconds and then an antagonist contraction follows for 5-10 seconds. Following this the original agonist is then stretched again and the cycle repeated. This cycle should be repeated about 3-5 times on each muscle, with the muscle being stretched a little farther each time. Isometric stretching is somewhat of a combination of PNF and static stretching. This method requires the muscle to contract at the end of the range of motion and so the muscle being stretched is also the agonist. A common example is a calf stretch where one pushes against the wall creating both force and stretch in the calf at the same time. An additional advantage of isometric stretching is that it can also increase strength. Dynamic Type Stretching Dynamic stretching basically involves a form of stretching whereby the muscle is lengthened and shortened at various speeds without the muscle being held in the lengthened position for any period of time. The following are types of dynamic stretching. Ballistic stretching uses a limbs momentum to push it beyond its normal ROM. Sometimes added weight can be held to increase the stretch. This stretching involves limbs swinging through their ROM back and forth for about 10 repetitions. This stretching has traditionally been viewed as unsafe. However, it is effective if progress is done slowly and few injuries have actually been reported. One concern with this stretch is that the muscles do not have enough time in the lengthened position to adapt to the stretch and may in fact invoke the stretch reflex causing greater tightness. Dynamic stretching is a progressive stretching technique involving slow increases in ROM and speed. In contrast to ballistic stretching, dynamic stretching is more controlled and progressive. Dynamic stretching does not contain bouncing or ballistic movement. Dynamic stretches are commonly used in team sport settings or where speed movements are important. Active stretching is not commonly practiced as it is difficult and uncomfortable to a degree. In this technique a muscle is held only by the antagonist muscle in a certain position at the limit of motion for about 10 seconds. For example, lifting your leg straight up and holding it. Yoga uses many of these types of stretching. Application Question: Can you improve your flexibility if you are fifty or sixty years old? Answer: Even elderly men and women over seventy years old can increase their flexibility (Brown et al. 2000; Lazowski et al. 1999). With strength training the elderly, even in their 90s, can increase their strength and muscle mass although not as fast and as much as young people, but they can (Fiatarone et al. 1990; Lexell et al. 1995), and the responsiveness to strength training determines the effectiveness of isometric stretches (the most intense stretches) as long as the structure of the persons joints is not an obstacle. Exercise Prescription for Stretching The main reason advocated for the development of flexibility and its assessment is the reduction of injury. Interestingly, the literature does not support increased levels of static or dynamic flexibility reducing injury. It actually appears that people at both extremes of static flexibility may be at higher risk for musculoskeletal injuries and we dont have mush information on the relationship between dynamic flexibility and injury. In general, it is agreed that flexibility is healthy and although most experts agree on the benefits of flexibility and stretching, precise guidelines for stretching do not clearly exist. There is wide variation in the type of stretching, duration of stretches and intensity. Many individuals stretch for only a few seconds whereas others may stretch for 50 minutes as in a yoga class. General guidelines by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommend three days of stretching per week, holding stretches for 10-30 seconds and 3-5 stretches for ea ch major muscle group. ACSM recommends static stretching for the majority of the population. When is it best to stretch? In general, muscle is more receptive to stretch when it is warmer. Therefore, it makes more sense to stretch your muscles following exercise. We must be careful and distinguish between stretching to improve ROM and warming up for performance. Human muscle stretches better at about 38.5Â ° c. which is higher than normal body temperature. For this reason, post exercise is perhaps the best time to stretch. Factors Influencing Flexibility Many factors contribute to joint flexibility. Sometimes the factors influencing flexibility can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors apply to those musculoskeletal factors within the body such as ligaments and tendons, whereas extrinsic factors generally apply to factors such as age, gender, body build and so on. Generally, extrinsic factors are those that we cannot change. Intrinsic Factors for Flexibility While factors such as age and gender clearly play a role, the structure of the joint itself plays a major role in its own flexibility. Joints comprise various types of tissue and bone and these components differ in how they contribute to joint flexibility. Table 2 provides information on the relative contributions of soft tissue to joint ROM. Intrinsic factors specifically relate to the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal variable. This varies between individuals and is affected by injury, race, muscle types and amount and others. In general, when we practice stretching we are seeking to make change to these intrinsic factors. Extrinsic Factors for Flexibility We can assume the intrinsic factors to be fairly consistent within individuals leaving a lot of room for the many extrinsic factors to influence joint flexibility. However, extrinsic factors usually explain variability between joints within individuals and overall flexibility between individuals and not all of them are changeable. Gender: In general, females are more flexible than males across the lifespan. Several factors contribute to this increased flexibility such as lower muscle mass, different hormone concentration and anatomical variations in joint structure. Age: flexibility tends to decrease with age usually beginning in the teenage years. With increasing age there is a decrease in elasticity of connective tissue surrounding both joints and muscles. For the most part this is attributed to decreased activity levels. Temperature: Muscle and connective tissue are like most other materials, i.e. they are more pliable/flexible at warmer temperatures. Increasing body temperature through an appropriate warm-up increases the flexibility of the muscle and joint. Consequently, a decrease in body or muscle temperature decreases flexibility and may increase the risk of injury. Habitual/Exercise Activity: Individuals normally preserve the required flexibility to perform tasks they perform on a daily or regular basis. Some scientists refer to this as form follows function. Therefore, individuals who exercise regularly and exercise their limbs through a full ROM tend to preserve flexibility better with age. A sedentary lifestyle is associated with decreased flexibility. Injury: Injury is a common cause of loss of flexibility especially in the upper extremities. Joint injuries typically result in the deposition of collagen or scar tissue. Scar tissue in particular restricts the mobility of the joint. Joint injuries also result in inflammation that also restricts mobility. Following injury rehabilitation to specifically restore and increase ROM is extremely important to allow the joint to return to normal function. Joint Structure/Type of Joint: Flexibility is specific to each joint and to the way in which the joint is designed. Ball and socket joints (triaxial) are much more mobile than glinglymus joints (uni-axial). Joints fall into one of four categories based on ROM, no movement (non-axial), uni-axial, bi-axial or triaxial. The structure of the joint is therefore a major determinant in a joint ROM. Muscle Mass/Body Build: The role of muscle mass in flexibility while important is often over-emphasized. In general, well hypertrophied muscles of the upper body, e.g. chest and arms, can restrict movement. However, if muscles are developed through the entire ROM of the muscle, flexibility is often preserved. Male gymnasts are a good example of well hypertrophied muscle and high flexibility. Therefore, while muscle mass can play a role in diminishing flexibility, the negative effects can be minimized by ensuring full ROM during muscle contraction. Pregnancy: Women generally increase their flexibility during pregnancy. The basic reason for this is to prepare for childbirth but also to allow greater ROM in the hip region. Specifically, the pelvic and hip joints increase in flexibility due to increased production levels of the hormone relaxin. This can also help alleviate discomfort with pregnancy associated Lordosis. Relaxin levels decrease following pregnancy. Stretch tip number 2 (see illustrations) Your friend complains of tight calf muscles following running, what can you recommend? Stand with feet together, legs straight, on a step and let the heels hang over the edge. Hold this position for 20 seconds. Repeat several times. Stand with feet together about 3 feet away from a wall. Place your hands on the wall and slowly bring your chest into the wall. Keep both heels on the floor. Hold this position for 20 seconds. Stand with feet together about 3 feet away from the wall. With hands on the wall, bring one leg forward and push with the back leg keeping the heel on the ground. Repeat on each leg. Flexibility and Athletic Performance It is a widely held conception that flexibility improves athletic performance. However, the scientific literature does not consistently support this belief. There is great variation in the amount of flexibility required for successful performance between activities and even within activities, such as team sports, there is wide individual variation. Furthermore, decreased flexibility has been shown to improve running economy and thus decreased flexibility can in some cases improve performance. Some studies have shown that less stiff muscles are more effective in using the stored elastic energy that is developed during a stretch. However, we must be careful about when these stretches are initiated as recent evidence suggests that static stretching prior to activities requiring maximal contraction tends to cause a decrease in performance. Overall, the ability of increased flexibility to improve athletic performance is most likely restricted to those activities that actually require extr eme ranges of flexibility such as gymnastics, figure skating etc. and a universal approach of requiring infinite flexibility in all athletes is not warranted. Research Box Dynamic versus Static Stretching Warm-up: The Effect on Power and Agility Performance. Mc Millian et al. 2006 (vol20, 3, 492-499). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 subjects participated in a study to determine the effects of a dynamic warm-up (DWU), a static stretch warm-up (SWU), or no warm-up (NWU) on a T-shuttle agility test, an underhand medicine ball throw, and a 5-step jump. Testing took place over three consecutive days and the order of all tests and warm-ups was randomized. Each warm-up lasted for 10 minutes. The DWU comprised a series of exercise such as bend and reach, push-ups, squats, and skipping. The SWU comprised of exercises such as the overhead pull, quadriceps stretch, trunk flexion and extension. All stretches were performed once and held for 20-30 seconds. The NWU group did no exercises. Results showed significantly greater performances for all tests following a DWU. The performances did not differ between the SWU and NWU. The authors conclude that the use of SWU should be reassessed when preceding athletic performance. Measurement of Flexibility Several basic flexibility tests exist such as sit and reach for hamstrings and low back and shoulder rotation test for shoulders. Since flexibility varies between joints, comprehensive flexibility assessment would have to assess many joints. This is not really possible and so one typically selects a few major joints and muscles such as low back and hamstrings, calf and Achilles, and shoulders. Simple tests for these assessments as well as more detailed laboratory practices are described at the end of the chapter. Any measurement of flexibility should be based on sound and accepted testing procedures. For the most part static flexibility tests are the most widely used and these are based on linear and angular measurements of the motion of the joint. All flexibility assessments should follow a standardized procedure whereby warm-up, and practice trials are all controlled. Summary After you read this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Define flexibility and other relevant terms related to flexibility Flexibility is basically the range of motion around a joint. It is influenced by many factors. Flexibility is an important for overall health. It is important for basic daily function and comfort. Flexibility varies between joints within individuals and between individuals. List the factors affecting flexibility Factors that influence flexibility are numerous and varied and can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic factors include variables such as the tendon and muscle, whereas extrinsic factors include variables such as age, gender and activity levels. Explain the techniques for improving and measuring flexibility. There are many ways to stretch and improve flexibility. The most commonly prescribed method is static stretching for 10-30 seconds per muscle group. Including safe and full ROM exercises into our daily routine is an excellent way to improve and preserve flexibility. Flexibility should be measured at multiple sites and can be assessed using basic goniometry or a more simple test such as a sit and reach teat. Summary Flexibility is an important component in overall health and generally declines with age. There are many benefits including reduced risk of low back pain and increased functional range of motion. Flexibility varies between people and is affected by many variables. These factors are usually classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. When we stretch we are usually trying to change intrinsic factors. Flexibility usually takes two forms, static and dynamic, and we can stretch a muscle using either form. Most exercise prescription for flexibility advocates static stretching and involves holding a stretch for 10-30 seconds per muscle group. When we stretch or measure flexibility, it should be performed at multiple sites as flexibility tends to be site specific. The major joints to consider are the lower back, shoulders, and hamstrings. Chapter Review Flexibility Discussion Questions Identify and describe 5 extrinsic factors that are known to influence flexibility! What are the best approaches to improve flexibility? What are the various musculoskeletal components that provide regulatory feedback to muscle stretch? Can you differentiate between the roles of golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles? Provide a short description for each of the following terms: Sarcomeres in series. Stretch reflex. Lengthening reaction. Proprioceptors. Autogenic inhibition. Reciprocal inhibition.

The Parasite Called Man Essay -- essays research papers

Erza Pound says that, â€Å"man is the superior animal†. Superior or not, we all have the same basic habits. When humans are scared they seek shelter, when we are hungry we eat, and when is right, we wish to pass on our genes. So how is it that man is so superior when all our instincts and urges are so primitive? Erza Pound is puzzled by why humans are superior. I think the only reason why humans are superior is because of ignorance. Humans are the only animals that don’t come to equilibrium with the environment they live in. If humans had to be compared to a certain type of living thing, they would be most like simple parasitic bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earth, however large it may be, has it limits when it comes to natural resources. Of all animals human are the only ones that make non-biodegradable waste. When humans run out of resources in one area they go on to the next destroying the area in their path and until a new site is reached with more resources to abuse. This is much like the life history of flesh eating bacteria. About two years ago, I saw a special on 20/20 about the disease. They say that is moves at about an inch per hour and that they don’t stop feeding on the host until the host is dead. The bacteria multiply at a high rate and can migrate to other parts of the body by the blood stream. Try to look as the host body as the earth, the bacteria as the humans, and the blood stream as the oceans and river; now, anyone can see that this is no diffe...

Reality of Business and HR Strategy Essay

â€Å"Strategic HRM is an approach that defines how the organisation’s goals will be achieved through people by means of HR strategies and integrated HR policies and practices† (Armstrong, 2009). The overall aim of strategic HRM is to maximise the firms’ performance by making sure all employees are of high calibre and committed to achieving the organisations competitive advantage. Within HRM it is not clear how to best link strategic HRM to the organisations strategy. The main argument involves two different approaches; best fit and best practice. The best fit strategy involves organisations tailoring their HR strategies around the organisations strategies and needs. Whereas the latter suggests that organisations will be more successful if they adopt best practices within the work place (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). ‘Best practice’, a form of universalism, is based around the theory that high commitment will reflect the organisations high performance l evel regardless of the firm’s competitive strategy (Torrington et al, 2011). This is demonstrated in Guest’s model (1989) Theory of HRM. The model is built around four main HR goals; commitment, flexibility, quality and strategic integration, the theory being if all goals are achieved then the organisation’s performance will be enhanced. Pfeffer (1998), also a supporter, progresses the said theory by claiming policies such as; high spending on training, high wages directly linked to performance will determine a high level of commitment and performance. Another criticism of best practice theory is that it is difficult to accept that there is an overall best practice for every organisation . One practice may have been successful and effective for an organisation does not mean that it will work for every organisation (Armstrong, 2006). This factor helps show that when analysing business and hr within all organisations best practice is impossible to achieve as every organisations situations are different. Torrington et al (2011), dispute the validity of the theory by arguing that a simple model cannot realistically meet the complexity that comes with managing staff. As well as universalist the approach is also unitarist, as it presumes that all management have to do is follow a set of policies and it will automatically a chieve high performance, and that workers will obey  this without question. In reality this is a lot more complicated to re-enact. Hofstede (1980), as cited by Boxall and Purcell, also argues that it would be extremely difficult to design a set of practices due to extreme differences between countries and cultures. Furthermore, best practice may benefit executives but on shareholders and waged employee’s expense. An example being, it may put in place a generous redundancy package for executives and typically employees lose out. It can be argued that the most sustainable HRM practices are those which benefit the organisation as a whole such as best fit (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). In a addition to these arguments, Boxall and Purcell (2011) cite studies by MacDuffie (1995) and Ichniowski and Snow (1999) which suggest that best practice is impossible to achieve when comparing two industrial firms. Although many theorists would argue that best fit is the most applicable for most organisations, best practice should not be completely overlooked as Becker and Gerhart (1996) state that it may be more †appropriate for identifying the principles underlying the choice of practices, as opposed to the practices themselves† References Armstrong (2009) Armstrong’s Handook of Human Resource Management Practice London: Koogan Boxall, P & Purcell, J (2011) Strategy and Human Resource Management 3rd Edition Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan Becker, B E and Gerhart, S (1996) The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organisational Performance: Progress and Prospects Academy of Management Journal 39 (4), Page 779-801 Hall, L, Taylor L. & Torrington, D. (2008) Human Resource Management 7th Edition London: Prentice Hall